Akram Zaatari
Bibliography
Monographs
2018
Zaatari, Akram and Wasiuta, Mark. Rifat Chadirji: Building Index. Beirut: Kaph Books, 2018
2017
Plascenia, Clara, ed., Akram Zaatari: Against Photography. Barcelona: MACBA, 2017
2016
Zaatari, Akram. Tomorrow everything will be alright. Sao Paolo: Associaçào Cultural Videobrasil, 2016
2014
Rodenbeck, Judith and Moufawad-Paul, Vicky. Akram Zaatari – All is Well. Kingston: Agnes Etherington Art Centre; Ottawa: Carleton University Art Gallery, 2014
Latimer, Quinn, ed. Film as a Form of Writing, Brussels: WIELS, 2014
2013
Zaatari, Akram. Letter to a Refusing Pilot, Beirut: APEAL, 2013
Apetitallot, Yves and Zaatari, Akram. Akram Zaatari: Time Capsule, Kassel 14/15.05.2012, Greonble: MAGASIN; Milan: Mousse Publishing, 2013
2012
Zaatari, Akram. A Conversation with an Imagined Israeli Filmmaker Named Avi Mograbi, Paris: Sternberg Press, 2012
2011
Zaatari Akram.The Uneasy Subject. Milan: Charta, 2011
2009
Zaatari, Akram and Bassil, Karl. Akram Zaatari: Earth of Endless Secrets, Beirut: Portikus/Sfeir-Semler Gallery/Beirut Art Centre, 2009
2007
Zaatari, Akram and Bassil, Karl. Hashem El Madani: Promenades. An Ongoing Project by Akram Zaatari, Beirut: Mind the Gap/The Arab Image Foundation, 2007
2004
Zaatari, Akram. Hashem El Madani: Studio Practices. An Ongoing Project by Akram Zaatari, Beirut: The Arab Image Foundation/Mind the Gap, 2004
2003
Leccia, Ange, Moulène, Tosani, Patrick and Zaatari, Akram. Le Grand Tour, Chalon-sur-Saône: Musée Nicéphore Niépce/Isthme editions, 2003
2002
Zaatari, Akram, Bassil, Karl and Maasri, Zeina. Mapping Sitting: On Portraiture and Phtography. A Project by Walid Raad and Akram Zaatari, Beirut: The Arab Image Foundation/Mind the Gap, 2002
2001
Zaatari, Akram and Hojeij, Mahmoud. Transit Visa: On Video and Cities, Beirut: Transit Visa, 2001
1999
Zaatari, Akram. The Vehicle; Picturing Moments of Transition in a Modernising Society, Beirut: The Arab Image Foundation/Mind the Gap, 1999
Zaatari, Akram. Portraits du Caire, Arles: Actes Sud, 1999
1998
Zaatari, Akram, Another Resolution, Beirut: MTGé, 1998
Exhibition Catalogues & Selected Publications
2023
Hallas, Roger. Discoveries and Restitutions of the Photographic Archive, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2023
2022
Callahan, Sara. Materiality, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2022
2020
Mikdadi, Salwa. Contemporary Art and Archaeology in the Arab World, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020
Pardo, Alona ed. Masculinities. Liberation through Photography, Munich: Prestel Publishing, 2020
2019
Kholeif, Omar ed. Making new time: Sharjah Biennial 14 – Leaving the echo chamber, Sharjah: Sharjah Art Foundation, 2019
2018
Petersson, Sonya et al. eds., The Power of the In-Between, Stockholm: Stockholm University Press, 2018 p. 289 il.
Elias, Chad. Posthumous Images. Contemporary Art and Memory. Politics in Post-Civil War Lebanon. Durrham NC: Duke University Press, 2018
Downey, Anthony. Transposing The Vernacular. Moving Images in the work of Akram Zaatari. Nottingham: New Art Exchange, 2018
2017
Meade, Fionn and Carter, Jordan. Question the Wall Itself, Minneapolis: Walker Art Center, 2017
Porra, Véronique and Wedekind, Gregor. Orient – The deconstruction of a Phantasm, Bielefeld: Transcript Publishing, 2017
2016
Getsy, David. ed., Documents of Contemporary Art: Queer. London: Whitechapel Gallery; Cambridge: MIT Press, 2016
2015
Kholeif, Omar and Stobbs, Candy eds., Imperfect Chronology: Arab Art from the Modern to the Contemporary: works from the Barjeel Art Foundation. London: Whitechapel Gallery; Munich, New York, London: Prestel, 2015
Macel, Christine and Thomas, Rachael. What We Call Lover: From Surrealism to Now. Dublin: Irish Museum of Modern Art, 2015
Hughes, Isabella Ellaheh, Younis, Ala and Kabra, Fawz. Aide-mémoire: Footnotes Part 2. Al Qasba: Barjeel Art Foundation, 2015
Kholeif, Omar. Docuents of Contemporary Art: Moving Image. London: Whitechapel Gallery; Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2015
Davidson, Henry. The Shadow of the Dome of Pleasure. Auckland: Artspace, 2015
Davidson, Henry. Close your eyes with Holy Dread. Auckland: Artspace, 2015
Roush, Paula. Bayroumi 46,000 Questions, Beirut: Plan BEY, 2015
2014
Ferath, Till and Bardaouil, Sam. Summer, Autumn, Winter… and Spring conversations with Arab Artists. Milan: Skira, 2014
Cotter, Suzanne. 25 Works form the Serralves Collection. Porto: Fundaçao de Serralves, 2014
Gioni, Massimiliano, ed. Here and Elsewhere, New York: New Museum, 2014
Elliot, David. Art from Elsewhere, London: Hayward Publishing, 2014
2013
Makiguchi, Chinatsu, ed., Reading Cinema, Finding Words: Art after Marcel Broodthaers Kyoto: The National Museum of Modern Art, 2013
Terms & Conditions, Singapore: Singapore Art Museum, 2013
Byrd, Antawan L. et al. Art Cities of the Future: 21st Century Avant-gardes, London: Phaidon Press, 2013
Hello, photography. New York: Aperture Foundation, 2013
2012
Tallant, Sally et al. The Unexpected Guest: Art, Writing and Thinking about Hospitality, London: Art books Publishing, 2012
Bonansinga, Kate, Doyle, Kerry A, and Simblist, Noah. Shifting Sands: Recent videos from the Middle East, El Paso: Stanlee & Gerlard Rubin Center for the Visual Arts, The University of Texas at El Paso, 2012
DiQuinzio, Apsara. Six Lines of Flight: Shifting Geographies in Contemporary Art, San Francisco: Museum of Modern Art, Berkeley, 2012
Hlavakova, Maria and Winder, Jill. Rabih Mroué: A BAK Critical Reader in Artists’ Practice. Utrecht: BAK; Rotterdan: Post editions, 2012
Silver, Shelly. What I know about Penises, Paris: Onestar Press, 2012
Sabea, Hana and Westmoreland, Mark R, and Abaza, Mona. Visual Productions of Knowledge: Toward a Different Middle East, Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press, 2012
Weinhart, Martina et al. Privat, Berlin: Distanz Verlag, 2012
2010
Maggia, Filippo, Fini, Claudia and Lazzarini, Francesca, eds,. Contemporary photography from the Middle East and Africa: Breaking News. Milano: Skira; New York: Rizzoli International Publications, 2010
Bardouil, Sam and Fellrath, Till. Told, Untold, Retold: 23 Stories of journeys through time and space. Milan: Skira; Dawhah: Mathaf Arab Museum of Modern Art, 2010
2009
Sloman, Paul, ed. Artworld: Contemporary Art in the Middle East, London: Black Dog Publishing, 2009
Aliaga, Juan Vincente. En Todas Partes: Políticas de la diversidad sexual en el Arte, Santiago de Compostela: Xunta de Galicia, 2009
Ahmady, Leeza, Dadi, Iftikhar and Fadda, Reem. Tarjama/Translaton: Contemporary Art from the Middle East and their Diasporas. New York: ArteEast, 2009
2008
Bartana, Yael and Fast, Omer et al. Les Inquiets, Cinq Artistes sous la Pression de la Guerre/The Anxious, Five Artists Under the Pressure of War, Paris: Centre Georges Pompidou, 2008
Cohen, Françoise. Scenes du Sud: Méditerranée orientale, Nîmes: Carré d’Art-Musé d’art Contemporain de Nîmes; Paris: Archibooks, 2008
Stimson, Blake and Kelsey, Robin Earle. The Meaning of Photography, Williamstown: Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute, 2008
Akakçe, Haluk et al., Always There. Berlin-Mitte: Zimmerstrasse, 2008
2007
Storr, Robert. Think with the senses feel with the mind: Art in the Present Tense. Venice: Marsilio, 2007
2006
Berenz, Nicole. Zones of Contact – Sydney Biennale 2006, Australia: Sydney, 2006 pp. 284-287
Zaatari, Akram. ‘Video in Five Movements’, Pavilion of Lebanon in the Venice Biennale, Beirut: Alarm Editions, 2006 pp. 52-59
Merewether, Charles. Documents of Contemporary Art: The Archive, London: Whitechapel Gallery; Cambrdige: MIT Press, 2006
Cotter, Suzanne. Out of Beirut, Manchester: Conrnerhouse, 2006
Cotter, Suzanne, Public Time: A Symposium, Oxford: Modern Art Oxford; Manchester: Cornerhouse, 2006
Zolghadr, Tirdad. Ethnic Marketing, Zurich: JRP/Ringier; Tehran: Toseh, 2006
2005
Zaatari, Akram, Soueid, Mohamad and Hojeij, Mahmoud. Beyond truth and fiction: the work of Akram Zaatari and Mohamad Soueid, Cairo: American University Cairo, 2005
Cheval, François et al. Syrie, Liban, Palestine: Le Grand Tour, Paris: Isthme editions, 2005
Becker, Kathrin. Masculinities, Frankfurt: Revolver, 2005
2004
Mashadi, Ahmad. Seni, Art and the Contemporary, Singapore: Singapore Art Museum, 2004 pp.32-34
Present Absence: Contemporary Art from Lebanon, Munich: Galerie Tanit, 2004
Njegos, Nikola Petrovic and Ilic, Natasa, Cetinje Biennial V: Love it of Leave it, Cetinje: Cetinje National Museum of Montenegro, 2004
2003
Brydon, Anne and Karlinsky, Amy. Home Show, Winnipeg: Winnipeg Art Gallery, 2003
2002
Visser, Barbara. Haunted by Detail, Amsterdam: De Appel Foundation, 2002
Selected Writing & Text Contributions
2014
Zaatari, Akram and Cheval, François, Expired – Ziad Antar, Paris: ENSBA, 2014
2008
Zaatari, Akram, ‘The Hashem El Madani Project’, in R. Kelsey and B.Stimson eds.: The Meaning of Photography, Clark Art Institute, 2008 pp. 92-101
2006
Zaatari, Akram, ‘Photographic Documents/Excavation as Art,’ in C. Merewether: The Archive, London: Whitechapel/MIT Press, 2006 pp. 181-184
2005
Zaatari, Akram, ‘Court Case,’ in S. Shahbazi, R. Tehrani and T. Zolghadr, Shahrazad History, Zurich, 2005
Zaatari, Akram, ‘Fouiler la Photographie’, Territoire Méditerranéee, Geneva: Laboret Fides, 2005, pp. 176-183
Zaatari, Akram ‘The Singular of Seeing’, Third Text, vol 19. No. 1, London: Routledge, 2005, pp. 45-52
2004
Zaatari, Akram, ‘Photo Surprise’, Testimonies: Between Fiction and Reality, Athens: National Museum of Contemporary Arts, 2004 pp.142-143
2002
Zaatari, Akram ‘Time Videos’, in DisORIENTation, Berlin: Haus der Kulturen der Welt, 2002 pp. 54-55
Zaatari, Akram, ‘This Day’ Framework Vol. 43 no. 2, Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2002 pp. 184-195
Zaatari, Akram, Soueid, Mohammed and Mahmoud Hojeij. ‘Disciplined Spontaneity: A Conversation on Video Production in Beirut’ Parachute no. 108, 2002 pp. 80-91
Zaatari, Akram, ‘Her + Him: Van Leo’ in Camera Austria no. 78, 2002 pp. 9-15
Zaatari, Akram, ‘The Third Citizen’ in Transition issue 91, vol 11, no 3., Beirut: Duke University Press, 2002 pp. 106-117
Akram Zaatari
Bibliography
Monographs
2018
Zaatari, Akram and Wasiuta, Mark. Rifat Chadirji: Building Index. Beirut: Kaph Books, 2018
2017
Plascenia, Clara, ed., Akram Zaatari: Against Photography. Barcelona: MACBA, 2017
2016
Zaatari, Akram. Tomorrow everything will be alright. Sao Paolo: Associaçào Cultural Videobrasil, 2016
2014
Rodenbeck, Judith and Moufawad-Paul, Vicky. Akram Zaatari – All is Well. Kingston: Agnes Etherington Art Centre; Ottawa: Carleton University Art Gallery, 2014
Latimer, Quinn, ed. Film as a Form of Writing, Brussels: WIELS, 2014
2013
Zaatari, Akram. Letter to a Refusing Pilot, Beirut: APEAL, 2013
Apetitallot, Yves and Zaatari, Akram. Akram Zaatari: Time Capsule, Kassel 14/15.05.2012, Greonble: MAGASIN; Milan: Mousse Publishing, 2013
2012
Zaatari, Akram. A Conversation with an Imagined Israeli Filmmaker Named Avi Mograbi, Paris: Sternberg Press, 2012
2011
Zaatari Akram.The Uneasy Subject. Milan: Charta, 2011
2009
Zaatari, Akram and Bassil, Karl. Akram Zaatari: Earth of Endless Secrets, Beirut: Portikus/Sfeir-Semler Gallery/Beirut Art Centre, 2009
2007
Zaatari, Akram and Bassil, Karl. Hashem El Madani: Promenades. An Ongoing Project by Akram Zaatari, Beirut: Mind the Gap/The Arab Image Foundation, 2007
2004
Zaatari, Akram. Hashem El Madani: Studio Practices. An Ongoing Project by Akram Zaatari, Beirut: The Arab Image Foundation/Mind the Gap, 2004
2003
Leccia, Ange, Moulène, Tosani, Patrick and Zaatari, Akram. Le Grand Tour, Chalon-sur-Saône: Musée Nicéphore Niépce/Isthme editions, 2003
2002
Zaatari, Akram, Bassil, Karl and Maasri, Zeina. Mapping Sitting: On Portraiture and Phtography. A Project by Walid Raad and Akram Zaatari, Beirut: The Arab Image Foundation/Mind the Gap, 2002
2001
Zaatari, Akram and Hojeij, Mahmoud. Transit Visa: On Video and Cities, Beirut: Transit Visa, 2001
1999
Zaatari, Akram. The Vehicle; Picturing Moments of Transition in a Modernising Society, Beirut: The Arab Image Foundation/Mind the Gap, 1999
Zaatari, Akram. Portraits du Caire, Arles: Actes Sud, 1999
1998
Zaatari, Akram, Another Resolution, Beirut: MTGé, 1998
Exhibition Catalogues & Selected Publications
2023
Hallas, Roger. Discoveries and Restitutions of the Photographic Archive, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2023
2022
Callahan, Sara. Materiality, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2022
2020
Mikdadi, Salwa. Contemporary Art and Archaeology in the Arab World, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020
Pardo, Alona ed. Masculinities. Liberation through Photography, Munich: Prestel Publishing, 2020
2019
Kholeif, Omar ed. Making new time: Sharjah Biennial 14 – Leaving the echo chamber, Sharjah: Sharjah Art Foundation, 2019
2018
Petersson, Sonya et al. eds., The Power of the In-Between, Stockholm: Stockholm University Press, 2018 p. 289 il.
Elias, Chad. Posthumous Images. Contemporary Art and Memory. Politics in Post-Civil War Lebanon. Durrham NC: Duke University Press, 2018
Downey, Anthony. Transposing The Vernacular. Moving Images in the work of Akram Zaatari. Nottingham: New Art Exchange, 2018
2017
Meade, Fionn and Carter, Jordan. Question the Wall Itself, Minneapolis: Walker Art Center, 2017
Porra, Véronique and Wedekind, Gregor. Orient – The deconstruction of a Phantasm, Bielefeld: Transcript Publishing, 2017
2016
Getsy, David. ed., Documents of Contemporary Art: Queer. London: Whitechapel Gallery; Cambridge: MIT Press, 2016
2015
Kholeif, Omar and Stobbs, Candy eds., Imperfect Chronology: Arab Art from the Modern to the Contemporary: works from the Barjeel Art Foundation. London: Whitechapel Gallery; Munich, New York, London: Prestel, 2015
Macel, Christine and Thomas, Rachael. What We Call Lover: From Surrealism to Now. Dublin: Irish Museum of Modern Art, 2015
Hughes, Isabella Ellaheh, Younis, Ala and Kabra, Fawz. Aide-mémoire: Footnotes Part 2. Al Qasba: Barjeel Art Foundation, 2015
Kholeif, Omar. Docuents of Contemporary Art: Moving Image. London: Whitechapel Gallery; Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2015
Davidson, Henry. The Shadow of the Dome of Pleasure. Auckland: Artspace, 2015
Davidson, Henry. Close your eyes with Holy Dread. Auckland: Artspace, 2015
Roush, Paula. Bayroumi 46,000 Questions, Beirut: Plan BEY, 2015
2014
Ferath, Till and Bardaouil, Sam. Summer, Autumn, Winter… and Spring conversations with Arab Artists. Milan: Skira, 2014
Cotter, Suzanne. 25 Works form the Serralves Collection. Porto: Fundaçao de Serralves, 2014
Gioni, Massimiliano, ed. Here and Elsewhere, New York: New Museum, 2014
Elliot, David. Art from Elsewhere, London: Hayward Publishing, 2014
2013
Makiguchi, Chinatsu, ed., Reading Cinema, Finding Words: Art after Marcel Broodthaers Kyoto: The National Museum of Modern Art, 2013
Terms & Conditions, Singapore: Singapore Art Museum, 2013
Byrd, Antawan L. et al. Art Cities of the Future: 21st Century Avant-gardes, London: Phaidon Press, 2013
Hello, photography. New York: Aperture Foundation, 2013
2012
Tallant, Sally et al. The Unexpected Guest: Art, Writing and Thinking about Hospitality, London: Art books Publishing, 2012
Bonansinga, Kate, Doyle, Kerry A, and Simblist, Noah. Shifting Sands: Recent videos from the Middle East, El Paso: Stanlee & Gerlard Rubin Center for the Visual Arts, The University of Texas at El Paso, 2012
DiQuinzio, Apsara. Six Lines of Flight: Shifting Geographies in Contemporary Art, San Francisco: Museum of Modern Art, Berkeley, 2012
Hlavakova, Maria and Winder, Jill. Rabih Mroué: A BAK Critical Reader in Artists’ Practice. Utrecht: BAK; Rotterdan: Post editions, 2012
Silver, Shelly. What I know about Penises, Paris: Onestar Press, 2012
Sabea, Hana and Westmoreland, Mark R, and Abaza, Mona. Visual Productions of Knowledge: Toward a Different Middle East, Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press, 2012
Weinhart, Martina et al. Privat, Berlin: Distanz Verlag, 2012
2010
Maggia, Filippo, Fini, Claudia and Lazzarini, Francesca, eds,. Contemporary photography from the Middle East and Africa: Breaking News. Milano: Skira; New York: Rizzoli International Publications, 2010
Bardouil, Sam and Fellrath, Till. Told, Untold, Retold: 23 Stories of journeys through time and space. Milan: Skira; Dawhah: Mathaf Arab Museum of Modern Art, 2010
2009
Sloman, Paul, ed. Artworld: Contemporary Art in the Middle East, London: Black Dog Publishing, 2009
Aliaga, Juan Vincente. En Todas Partes: Políticas de la diversidad sexual en el Arte, Santiago de Compostela: Xunta de Galicia, 2009
Ahmady, Leeza, Dadi, Iftikhar and Fadda, Reem. Tarjama/Translaton: Contemporary Art from the Middle East and their Diasporas. New York: ArteEast, 2009
2008
Bartana, Yael and Fast, Omer et al. Les Inquiets, Cinq Artistes sous la Pression de la Guerre/The Anxious, Five Artists Under the Pressure of War, Paris: Centre Georges Pompidou, 2008
Cohen, Françoise. Scenes du Sud: Méditerranée orientale, Nîmes: Carré d’Art-Musé d’art Contemporain de Nîmes; Paris: Archibooks, 2008
Stimson, Blake and Kelsey, Robin Earle. The Meaning of Photography, Williamstown: Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute, 2008
Akakçe, Haluk et al., Always There. Berlin-Mitte: Zimmerstrasse, 2008
2007
Storr, Robert. Think with the senses feel with the mind: Art in the Present Tense. Venice: Marsilio, 2007
2006
Berenz, Nicole. Zones of Contact – Sydney Biennale 2006, Australia: Sydney, 2006 pp. 284-287
Zaatari, Akram. ‘Video in Five Movements’, Pavilion of Lebanon in the Venice Biennale, Beirut: Alarm Editions, 2006 pp. 52-59
Merewether, Charles. Documents of Contemporary Art: The Archive, London: Whitechapel Gallery; Cambrdige: MIT Press, 2006
Cotter, Suzanne. Out of Beirut, Manchester: Conrnerhouse, 2006
Cotter, Suzanne, Public Time: A Symposium, Oxford: Modern Art Oxford; Manchester: Cornerhouse, 2006
Zolghadr, Tirdad. Ethnic Marketing, Zurich: JRP/Ringier; Tehran: Toseh, 2006
2005
Zaatari, Akram, Soueid, Mohamad and Hojeij, Mahmoud. Beyond truth and fiction: the work of Akram Zaatari and Mohamad Soueid, Cairo: American University Cairo, 2005
Cheval, François et al. Syrie, Liban, Palestine: Le Grand Tour, Paris: Isthme editions, 2005
Becker, Kathrin. Masculinities, Frankfurt: Revolver, 2005
2004
Mashadi, Ahmad. Seni, Art and the Contemporary, Singapore: Singapore Art Museum, 2004 pp.32-34
Present Absence: Contemporary Art from Lebanon, Munich: Galerie Tanit, 2004
Njegos, Nikola Petrovic and Ilic, Natasa, Cetinje Biennial V: Love it of Leave it, Cetinje: Cetinje National Museum of Montenegro, 2004
2003
Brydon, Anne and Karlinsky, Amy. Home Show, Winnipeg: Winnipeg Art Gallery, 2003
2002
Visser, Barbara. Haunted by Detail, Amsterdam: De Appel Foundation, 2002
Selected Writing & Text Contributions
2014
Zaatari, Akram and Cheval, François, Expired – Ziad Antar, Paris: ENSBA, 2014
2008
Zaatari, Akram, ‘The Hashem El Madani Project’, in R. Kelsey and B.Stimson eds.: The Meaning of Photography, Clark Art Institute, 2008 pp. 92-101
2006
Zaatari, Akram, ‘Photographic Documents/Excavation as Art,’ in C. Merewether: The Archive, London: Whitechapel/MIT Press, 2006 pp. 181-184
2005
Zaatari, Akram, ‘Court Case,’ in S. Shahbazi, R. Tehrani and T. Zolghadr, Shahrazad History, Zurich, 2005
Zaatari, Akram, ‘Fouiler la Photographie’, Territoire Méditerranéee, Geneva: Laboret Fides, 2005, pp. 176-183
Zaatari, Akram ‘The Singular of Seeing’, Third Text, vol 19. No. 1, London: Routledge, 2005, pp. 45-52
2004
Zaatari, Akram, ‘Photo Surprise’, Testimonies: Between Fiction and Reality, Athens: National Museum of Contemporary Arts, 2004 pp.142-143
2002
Zaatari, Akram ‘Time Videos’, in DisORIENTation, Berlin: Haus der Kulturen der Welt, 2002 pp. 54-55
Zaatari, Akram, ‘This Day’ Framework Vol. 43 no. 2, Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2002 pp. 184-195
Zaatari, Akram, Soueid, Mohammed and Mahmoud Hojeij. ‘Disciplined Spontaneity: A Conversation on Video Production in Beirut’ Parachute no. 108, 2002 pp. 80-91
Zaatari, Akram, ‘Her + Him: Van Leo’ in Camera Austria no. 78, 2002 pp. 9-15
Zaatari, Akram, ‘The Third Citizen’ in Transition issue 91, vol 11, no 3., Beirut: Duke University Press, 2002 pp. 106-117